Beiträge von Teleutotje

  • Help with a little book...

    Zitat von ice_trey

    You could get a reprint on demand there for under 30€/30$ (on the .de site it says not available, on the .com site it is? :confused_face: ), but it will be printed in India and needs a lot of time for shipping, up to some months. Of course it is no original from 1920, but the text is not changed at all etc., you could get a fresh book with the original content. Who knows, maybe the provider would also send a PDF-file for an similar amount...



    Hope this is helpful for you?

    Hallo,


    There is one problem with this site: If you want to contact the provider you have to login, but if you don't have that you need to make an account... and that page doesn't exist...

  • Help with a little book...

    Now, why is this book so important for me? It was written in 1920, so 100 years ago, and though it was really good for those myrmecologists at that time, it is old and probably for a big part out of date. So, why is it important for me?


    H. Kutter was one of those great myrmecologists that I personally contacted. It was about Kutter, H., 1978, “Hymenoptera: Formicidae.” Insecta Helvetica, Fauna 6a: 404 ills. This book is a supplement to Kutter, H., 1977, “Hymenoptera, Formicidae.” Insecta Helvetica, Fauna 6: 1-298. At that moment I had Fauna 6 and was looking for Fauna 6a. At last, without a copy found, I wrote Kutter. Sadly, his answer came and he told me there weren’t any exemplars left of the little book (Lucky for me, I found an exemplar by a second hand bookstore and still have it in my collection.). This was in the last years of his life.


    Kutter was one of the great myrmecologists that came from Switzerland. He was a student from A.-H. Forel and just like Forel, aSwiss neuroanatomist and psychiatrist, Kutter was a Swiss pharmacist with his own Ant Pharmacy („Ameisenapotheke“). His research about ants was a “great hobby” for him that made him one of the great myrmecologists. Like you can see in his Fauna 6, it was a very big and incredible job to do.


    But there was still one more thing great about him, he discovered that little ant Teleutomyrmex schneideri, the Final Ant, Kutter, H., 1950, “Über eine neue, extrem parasitische Ameise. 1. Mitteilung.” Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 23: 81-94. The description of this species took 14 pages, but the original series took 100 pages, in total 4 articles, his article, Stumper, R., 1951, “Teleutomyrmex schneideri Kutter (Hym. Formicid.). II. Mitteilung. Über die Lebensweise der neuen Schmarotzerameise.” Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 24: 129-152, Brun, R., 1952, “Das Zentralnervensystem von Teleutomyrmex Schneideri Kutt. (Hym. Formicid.). III. Mitteilung.” Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 25: 73-86 and Gösswald, K., 1953, “Histologische Untersuchungen an der arbeiterlosen Ameise Teleutomyrmex schneideri Kutter (Hym. Formicidae).” Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 26: 81-128. All this work was reviewed and more in Kutter, H., 1968 ("1969"), “Die sozialparasitischen Ameisen der Schweiz.” Neujahrsblatt. Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich 171: 1-62.


    After 24 years in his life he published a little book about ants and how to keep them, Kutter, H., 1920, “"Gehe hin zur Ameise!" Anleitung zur selbständigen Ameisenforschung.” Naturwissenschaftliche Beobachtungsbücher 1-2: 164 pp. What he thought and what he wished about ants is included in it and it is the almost “starting point” about his ant-work. His publications run from 1913 to 1986 and are very important for Europe. So, why can’t they put it online? The book-series/magazine is already death, the author is death, all his publications are for the rest free to read (except a very few of them… including this little book!). Maybe, on a beautiful day…

  • Help with a little book...

    Posted this a week ago on an American forum... but no luck.


    Maybe an American can help me. I'm looking for a pdf of a booklet but only one site gives it. This is the book:


    https://books.google.be/books/…=3nMeAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y


    On the site you can see it was made as a pdf by the University of Minnesota. So there you can go to


    http://www.omnia.ie/index.php?…92505b49b2375d04a&repid=2


    Here they refocus your attention to


    https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009663091


    And here is the problem. The only site for me now is to go to


    https://www.worldcat.org/title…enforschung/oclc/25736722


    where they only have references to 24 books you can find to rent. closest to me is in Leiden, The Netherlands. Not good for me, restrictions to go to other countries. So back to


    https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009663091


    Can one or other American get this book as pdf from the website and send it to me (on my personal email.)? Thank you very, very much.

  • An introduction to Teleutomyrmex.....

    “Key to parasitic Tetramorium species.
    This queen key is based on: Kiran, K., Karaman, C., Lapeva-Gjonova, A. & Aksoy, V. 2017. Two new species of the “ultimate” parasitic ant genus Teleutomyrmex Kutter, 1950 from the Western Palaearctic. Myrmecological News 25: 145-155.
    Originally assigned their own genus, Teleutomyrmex, these ants prey on other Tetramorium species. The species Tetramorium atratulum is not included in this key and bears no resemblance to the other parasites in the genus.
    Males of T. buschingeri have yet to be collected.
    1
    Gynes . . . . . 2
    Males . . . . . 5
    2
    Carinae or teeth on dorsal surface of propodeum absent, dorsal profile of propodeum much shorter than the declivitous one. All lateral surfaces of mesosoma and petiole covered by a well-developed reticulate or alveolate microsculpture. Head length index CL / CW < 0.945. Southern Balkans . . . . . Tetramorium buschingeri.
    Carinae or teeth on dorsal surface of propodeum present, dorsal profile of propodeum not much shorter than the declivitous one. Surfaces of lateral mesosoma and petiole only in patches covered by a reticulate or alveolate microsculpture or completely smooth. Head length index CL / CW > 0.945 . . . . . 3
    3
    Scape long, SL / CS > 1.00. Distance of frontal carinae clearly larger than petiolar width, DFC / PW > 1.096. Size small, CW < 464 μm. Scapes and tibiae with weaker, largely decumbent pilosity. Southern Iberia . . . . . Tetramorium kutteri.
    Scape shorter, SL / CS < 1.00. Distance of frontal carinae not much larger than petiolar width, DFC/PW < 1.096. Size larger, CW > 464 μm. Scapes and tibiae with profuse erect or suberect pilosity . . . . . 4
    4
    Ratio of distance between lateral ocelli and large diameter of complex eye larger: DLO / EL 0.93 - 1.11. Katepisternum with many long decumbent hairs, posterior corners of head posterior of the eyes smooth, absolute scape length larger: SL > 457 μm. Anatolia . . . . . Tetramorium seiferti.
    Ratio of distance between lateral ocelli and large diameter of complex eye smaller: DLO / EL 0.70 - 0.80. Katepisternum without or only with a few decumbent hairs, posterior corners of head posterior of the eyes densely microreticulate, absolute scape length smaller: SL < 457 μm. Alps and Pyrenees . . . . . Tetramorium inquilinum.
    5
    Anterior clypeal margin straight . . . . . 6
    Anterior clypeal margin concave medially . . . . . Tetramorium seiferti.
    6
    Subgenital plate broadly convex, sagitta with sinusoidal shape . . . . . Tetramorium kutteri.
    Subgenital plate slightly concave, sagitta broadly convex . . . . . Tetramorium inquilinum.”


    And the species not included in all 3 pages:


    The undescribed species from Turkmenistan… See Dlussky, et al. 1990.

  • An introduction to Teleutomyrmex.....

    “Tetramorium buschingeri.
    A Bulgarian social parasite found in the nest of a of Tetramorium species nesting under a rock in a grassland.
    Identification.
    Kiran, et al. (2017) - Gynes differ from the other three Teleutomyrmex species by the absence of any carinae or teeth on dorsal surface of propodeum, by a very short dorsal profile of propodeum, by a much stronger developed reticulate or alveolate microsculpture covering the whole surface of lateral mesosoma and petiole and by smaller CL / CW. Furthermore, they differ from Tetramorium seiferti by a much smaller DLO / DFC (0.567 - 0.600 vs. 0.667 - 0.786). Additional differences to Tetramorium schneideri are a larger HTL / CS and a smaller EL / CS, and to Tetramorium kutteri a much smaller CL / CW, larger PW / CS and HTL / CS, and smaller ClyW / CS.
    Distribution.
    Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists.
    Palaearctic Region: Bulgaria (type locality).
    Biology.
    Kiran, et al. (2017) - Host: The two dealated queens were found on the back of a dealated queen of Tetramorium cf. chefketi together with few host workers in the nest. The host ant species belongs to the T. chefketi species complex in contrast to the hosts from the T. caespitum / impurum complex reported for Tetramorium schneideri and Tetramorium kutteri in Europe.
    The nest of Tetramorium cf. chefketi with Teleutomyrmex buschingeri was found under a stone on a southern slope of a dry grassland situated in an oak forest. The habitat type is quite different from the known habitats of related species. The altitude of 640 m, where the species was sampled, is notably less than the altitudes of the localities of the other ultimate ant parasites (1600 - 2300 m) (excluding one in Turkmenistan).
    Nomenclature.
    The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's New General Catalogue, a catalogue of the world's ants.
    buschingeri. Teleutomyrmex buschingeri Lapeva-Gjonova, in Kiran, et al. 2017: 151, figs. 3b, 4b, 5b (q.) BULGARIA.
    [Note: Kiran, et al. 2017: 146, retain the paraphyletic genus Teleutomyrmex.]
    Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
    Description.
    Queen.
    Head in full face view wider than long (CL / CW 0.904), its lateral sides distinctly convex, anterior part of head narrower than posterior one, eyes small (EL / CS 0.228), lateral ocelli well developed, lateral ocelli less distant from each other than in Teleutomyrmex seiferti (DLO / CS 0.219). Anterior clypeal margin deeply concave and posterior margin rather convex. Mandibles reduced and triangular, with a pointed apex. Antennal scape distinctly longer than head length, exceeding the dorsal margin of head. Funiculus 10-segmented, 2nd segment 0.043 mm, 3rd segment 0.067 mm, 4th segment 0.055 mm long, the three apical segments form a small club. Pronotum narrower than head (PNW / CS 0.747), anterolaterally with small angles. Mesonotum raised over pronotum, its dorsum straight, scutellum higher than meso notum. Dorsal surface of propodeum much shorter than declivitous surface, both surfaces form a convex outline without any traces of propodeal teeth. Propodeal spiracle located near to anterior border of propodeum. Petiolar scale in profile triangular with straight frontal and convex posterior surface. Dorsal outline of postpetiole convex in lateral view. Gaster in virgin gynes typically dorso-ventrally flattened. Hind tibiae very long (HTL / CS 0.994) distinctly longer than in Teleutomyrmex kutteri and T. schneideri.
    Clypeus and frons up to the level of anterior ocellus smooth and shiny, between compound eye and antennal socket densely microreticulate. Mesosoma and petiole densely microalveolate and matt, postpetiole slightly microreticulate and more shiny. Gaster glabrous.
    Head with moderately long erect hairs. Scape with semi-erect hairs. Mesosoma and petiole with brush like hairs. Postpetiole with very short brush like hairs. Gaster bare. Hind femora with long subdecumbent hairs. Tibiae with very long, erect hairs. Katepisternum and lateral portion of propodeum with very few and short decumbent hairs.
    Clypeus, mandibles, antennae, and legs yellow. Head, mesosoma and petiole dark brown. Postpetiole yellowish brown, first gaster segment brown, the rest brownish yellow.
    Type Material.
    Holotype (dealated gyne) from Bulgaria, Eastern Rhodopes Mt., Chernichino Village, N 41° 35' 29.71", E 25° 50' 55.03", 640 m a.s.l., 25.IV.2012, leg. A. Lapeva-Gjonova; deposited in the museum collection of Sofia University, Bulgaria (BFUS). Paratypes (1 dealated gyne) from the same nest as the holotype, deposited in the National Museum of Natural History in Sofia (NMNHS), Bulgaria.
    Etymology.
    The species is dedicated to Prof. Alfred Buschinger who has made great contributions to the study of socially parasitic ants.”

  • An introduction to Teleutomyrmex.....

    “Tetramorium kutteri.
    This species is an inquiline. Queens live in the nest of a different ant species, have no workers and are entirely dependent on their hosts for food. The queens produce eggs that are cared for and raised to maturity by the host workers.
    Distribution.
    Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists.
    Palaearctic Region: Iberian Peninsula, Spain (type locality).
    Nomenclature.
    The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's New General Catalogue, a catalogue of the world's ants.
    kutteri. Teleutomyrmex kutteri Tinaut, 1990b: 202, figs. 1-3, photos. 1-2 (q.m.) SPAIN. Combination in Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 16.”


    “Tetramorium seiferti.
    A Turkish social parasite found in the nest of a of Tetramorium species nesting under a stone in a pine forest.
    Identification.
    Kiran, et al. (2017) - Gynes differ from Tetramorium schneideri by larger CS, HTL / CS, PPW / CS, and DLO / CS (Tab. 1). They differ from Tetramorium kutteri by larger CS and DLO / CS, and by much longer and more erect pilosity on appendages and whole body. They differ from Tetramorium buschingeri by smaller CW / CL, larger DLO / CS, by the dorsolateral margins of the propodeum forming distinct carinae, and by much less developed microsculpture on lateral mesosomal sclerites and petiole.
    Distribution.
    Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists.
    Palaearctic Region: Turkey (type locality).
    Biology.
    Kiran, et al. (2017) - The type series was collected from a Tetramorium cf. chefketi nest located under a stone in a Pinus sylvestris L. forest older than 100 years. There are many trees about to die because of their old age, and therefore there are very large sun exposed areas on the forest ground. The ground is not inclined near the nest because the nest site is placed on the top of the hill.
    The habitat is similar to that reported by Tinaut (1990) for the type locality of Teleutomyrmex kutteri.
    Nomenclature.
    The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's New General Catalogue, a catalogue of the world's ants.
    buschingeri. Teleutomyrmex seiferti Kiran & Karaman, in Kiran, et al. 2017: 148, figs. 3a, 4a, 5a, 6-8 (q.m.) TURKEY.
    [Note: Kiran, et al. 2017: 146, retain the paraphyletic genus Teleutomyrmex.]
    Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.
    Description.
    Queen.
    Head in full face view not much wider than long (CL / CW 0.951 - 1.000), lateral sides convex and rounding to slightly concave posterior margin, anterior part of head narrower than posterior one. Eyes protruding and small (EL / CS 0.224 - 0.250), occupying less than one quarter of lateral head side, ocelli relatively well developed, distance of posterior ocelli rather large (DLO / CS 0.244 - 0.275), anterior clypeal margin deeply concave, posterior margin broadly convex, mandibles atrophied, largely triangular, and with pointed apex. Antennal scape as long as head length (SL / CL 0.974 - 1.000), slightly surpassing posterior margin of head, funiculus 10-segmented, 3rd funicular segment slightly longer than 4th one and almost twice as long as 2nd; three apical segments forming a small club.
    Pronotum narrower than head (PNW / CS 0.732 - 0.835), anterolaterally with small angles, in lateral view scutum raised over pronotum, dorsal surface of scutum and prescutum straight, scutellum higher than scutum, metanotum very small, like a tooth. Dorsolateral margins of propodeum developed as distinct carinae, the longer dorsal and the shorter declivitous profile of carinae forming an obtuse angle with a blunt tooth at the position where spines normally are based; distance of propodeal spiracle from posterior margin of propodeum twice as long as the distance from anterior margin to spiracle. Petiolar scale in profile triangular, with a nearly linear frontal and broadly convex caudal profile. Dorsal outline of postpetiole convex in lateral view. Gaster typically dorso-ventrally flattened in virgin females.
    Head smooth and shiny, only genae between antennal sockets and compound eyes microreticulate. Mesosoma and petiole microalveolate. In dorsal view, postpetiole superficially microreticulate and gaster glabrous.
    Head and hind tibiae with long erect hairs, scape and hind femur with dense semi-erect hairs. Dorsum of mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole with brush-like hairs, anepisternum and gaster almost bare, katepisternum with long decumbent hairs.
    Clypeus, mandibles, antennae, and legs yellow. Rest of head, mesosoma, and petiole brown; postpetiole brownish yellow; gaster brownish yellow except yellow lateral sides and articulations.
    Male.
    In full face view head wider than long (CL / CW 0.910 - 0.935), lateral sides convex, rounding to straight posterior margin, anterior part of head slightly narrower than posterior one, eyes relatively big (EL / CS 0.233 - 0.272), located in the middle of head sides, ocelli well developed, distance of posterior ocelli rather large (DLO / CS 0.247 - 0.282), anterior margin of clypeus slightly notched medially, posterior margin broadly convex, mandibles atrophied and very small. Antennal scape short (SL / CS 0.871 - 0.907), scape hardly reaching posterior margin of head, funiculus 10-segmented, last three articles form a club.
    Pronotum short and distinctly narrower than head (PNW / CS 0.762 - 0.805). With mesosoma in lateral view, mesonotum not raised as in female, its dorsum almost straight; scutellum strongly raised, metanotum lower than scutellum; dorsal surface of propodeum sloping posteriorly, slightly longer than declivitous surface and joining by an obtuse angle, and forming here a small tooth. Propodeal spiracle located close to anterior propodeal border. Dorsal part of petiole in profile almost rectangular, petiole distinctly wider than the distance between propodeal teeth, postpetiole very wide and short in dorsal view. Gaster dorsoventrally flattened.
    Posterior margin of subgenital plate convex. Shape of sagitta and subgenital plate more similar to Teleutomyrmex kutteri on the contrary volsella completely different from T. kutteri and T. schneideri.
    Head densely microreticulate and matt, mesosoma and petiole densely microalveolate. Postpetiole, first and second abdominal tergites with very dilute microreticulum and rest of gaster glabrous.
    Long hairs absent or very rare. Short, erect and suberect hairs present on head, scape, mesosoma, petiole, and postpetiole. Gaster bare.
    Lower parts of head, antennae, and legs yellow; rest of head, mesosoma, petiole, and postpetiole yellowish brown.
    Gaster brownish yellow.
    Type Material.
    Holotype (gyne) from Turkey, Artvin, Yusufeli, 3 km NW of Kınalıçam Village, N 40° 45' 36", E 41° 34' 46", 1801 m above sea level (a.s.l.), 25.VI.2013, 13 / 1592c, leg. K. Kiran, C. Karaman & V. Aksoy (in Collection of Biological Department, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey). Paratypes: 16 gynes, 7 males from same nest as the holotype (14 gynes, 5 males in Collection of Biological Department, Trakya University, Edirne; 1 gyne, 1 male in Sofia University, Bulgaria; 1 gyne, 1 male in Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Germany.
    Etymology.
    The species is dedicated to Dr. Bernhard Seifert for his great contributions to this study.”

  • An introduction to Teleutomyrmex.....

    “Tetramorium inquilinum.
    Tetramorium inquilinum is a workerless inquiline within the nests of Tetramorium caespitum and Tetramorium impurum.
    Distribution.
    Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists.
    Palaearctic Region: France, Iberian Peninsula, Russian Federation, Spain, Switzerland (type locality), Turkmenistan.
    Biology.
    As reported by Hölldobler and Wilson (1990) - This remarkable species was discovered by Heinrich Kutter (1950a) at Saas-Fee, in an isolated valley of the Swiss Alps near Zermatt. Its behavior has been studied by Stumper (1950) and Kutter (1969), its neuroanatomy by Brun (1952), and its general anatomy and histology by Gösswald (1953). A second population has been reported from near Briançon in the French Alps by Collingwood (1956) (see also Wegnez et al. 2015), a third in the French Pyrenees by Buschinger (1987c), and still others in the Spanish Sierra Nevada by Tinaut Ranera (1981). The latter was described as a separate species, Tetramorium kutteri (as Teleutomyrmex kutteri), by Tinaut Ranera (1990). Appropriately, the name Teleutomyrmex means "final ant."
    The populations of T. schneideri, like those of most workerless parasitic ant species (Wilson, 1963), are small and isolated. The Swiss population appears to be limited to the eastern slope of the Saas Valley, in Juniper-Arctostaphylos woodland ranging from 1,800 to 2,300 m in elevation. The ground is covered by thick leaf litter and sprinkled with rocks of various sizes, providing, in short, an ideal environment for ants. The ant fauna is of a typically boreal European complexion, comprising the following free-living species listed in the order of their abundance (Stumper, 1950): Formica fusca, F. lugubris, Tetramorium caespitum, Leptothorax acervorum, L. tuberum, Camponotus ligniperda, Myrmica lobicornis, M. sulcinodis, Camponotus herculeanus, Formica sanguinea, F. rufibarbis, F. pressilabris, and Manica rubida. For some unexplained reason this little assemblage is extremely prone to social parasitism. Formica sanguinea is a facultative slavemaking species, preying on the other species of Formica. Doronomyrmex (= Leptothorax) pacis, a workerless parasite living with Leptothorax acervorum, was discovered by Kutter as a genus new to science in the Saas-Fee forest in 1945. In addition, Kutter and Stumper found Epimyrma (= Myrmoxenus) stumperi in nests of Leptothorax tuberum, as well as two parasitic Leptothorax, goesswaldi and kutteri, in nests of L. acervorum (Kutter, 1969).
    Tetramorium inquilinum is a parasite of Tetramorium caespitum and Tetramorium impurum. Like so many other social parasites, it is phylogenetically closer to its host than to any of the other members of the ant fauna to which it belongs. In fact, it may have been derived directly from a temporarily free-living offshoot of this species, since T. caespitum and T. impurum (the host species at Briançon and in the Pyrenees) are the only nonparasitic tetramoriines known to exist at the present time through most of central Europe. It is difficult to conceive of a stage of social parasitism more advanced than that actually reached by Tetramorium inquilinum. The species occurs only in the nests of its hosts. It lacks a worker caste, and the queens contribute in no visibly productive way to the economy of the host colonies. The queens are tiny compared with most ants, especially other tetramoriines; they average only about 2.5 mm in total length. They are unique among all known social insects in being ectoparasitic. In other words, they spend much of their time riding on the backs of their hosts (Figure 12-1). The T. inquilinum queens display several striking morphological features that are correlated with this peculiar habit. The ventral surface of the gaster (the large terminal part of the body) is strongly concave, permitting the parasites to press their bodies close to those of their hosts. The tarsal claws and arolia are unusually large, permitting the parasites to secure a strong grip on the smooth chitinous body surface of the hosts. The queens have a marked tendency to grasp objects. Given a choice, they will position themselves on the top of the body of the host queen, either on the thorax or the abdomen. Deprived of the nest queen, they will then seize a virgin Tetramorium queen, or a worker, or a pupa, or even a dead queen or worker. Stumper observed a case in which six to eight T. inquilinum queens simultaneously grasped one Tetramorium queen, completely immobilizing her. The mode of feeding of T. inquilinum is not known with certainty. The adults are evidently either fed by the host workers through direct regurgitation or else share in the liquid regurgitated to the host queen. In any case, they are almost completely inactive most of the time. The T. inquilinum adults, especially the older queens, are highly attractive to the host workers, who lick them frequently. According to Gösswald, large numbers of unicellular glands are located just under the cuticle of the thorax, pedicel, and abdomen of the queens; these are associated with glandular hairs and are believed to be the source of a special attractant for the host workers. The abdomens of older T. inquilinum queens become swollen with fat body and ovarioles, as is shown in Figure 12-1. This physogastry is made possible by the fact that the intersegmental membranes are thicker and more sclerotized than is usually the case in ant queens and can therefore be stretched more. Also, the abdominal sclerites themselves are widely overlapping in the virgin queen, so that the abdomen can be distended to an unusual degree before the sclerites are pulled apart. The ovarioles increase enormously in length, discard their initial orientation, and infiltrate the entire abdomen and even the postpetiolar cavity.
    From one to several physogastric queens are found in each parasitized nest, usually riding on the back of the host queen. Each lays an average of one egg every thirty seconds. The infested Tetramorium colonies are typically smaller than uninfested ones, but they still contain up to several thousand workers. The Tetramorium queens also lay eggs, and these are capable of developing into either workers or sexual forms (Buschinger, personal communication). Consequently the brood of a parasitized colony consists typically of eggs, larvae, and pupae of T. inquilinum queens and males mixed with those of Tetramorium workers.
    The bodies of the T. inquilinum queens bear the mark of extensive morphological degeneration correlated with their loss of social functions. The labial and postpharyngeal glands are reduced, and the maxillary and metapleural glands are completely absent. The mandibular glands, on the other hand, are apparently normal. In addition, the queens possess a tibial gland, the function of which is unknown. The integument is thin and less pigmented and sculptured in comparison with that of Tetramorium; as a result of these reductions the queens are shining brown, an appearance that contrasts with the opaque blackish brown of their hosts. The sting and poison apparatus are reduced; the mandibles are so degenerate that the parasites are probably unable to secure food on their own; the tibial-tarsal cleaning apparatus is underdeveloped; and, of even greater interest, the brain is reduced in size with visible degeneration in the associative centers. In the central nerve cord, ganglia 9-13 are fused into a single piece. The males are also degenerate. Their bodies, like those of the males of a few other extreme social parasites, are "pupoid," meaning that the cuticle is thin and depigmented, actually greyish in color; the petiole and postpetiole are thick and provided with broad articulating surfaces; and the abdomen is soft and deflected downward at the tip.
    In its essentials the life cycle of Tetramorium inquilinum resembles that of other known extreme ant parasites. Mating takes place within the host nest. The fecundated queens then either shed their wings and join the small force of egg layers within the home nest or else fly out in search of new Tetramorium nests to infest. Stumper found that the queens could be transferred readily from one Tetramorium colony to another, provided the recipient colony originated from the Saas-Fee. However, Tetramorium colonies from Luxembourg were hostile to the little parasites. Less surprisingly, ant species from the Saas-Fee other than Tetramorium caespitum always rejected the T. inquilinum. However, Buschinger (personal communication) has pointed out that the Saas-Fee population could be caespitum or impurum, or a mixture of both. In other words, the transfer might have been attempted across species.
    Nomenclature.
    The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's New General Catalogue, a catalogue of the world's ants.
    schneideri. Teleutomyrmex schneideri Kutter, 1950a: 82, figs. 1-23 (q.m.) SWITZERLAND.
    [Junior secondary homonym of Tetramorium schneideri Emery, 1898c: 145.]
    Combination in Tetramorium: Ward, et al. 2015: 76.
    Status as species: Stumper, 1951: 129; Brun, 1952: 73; Gösswald, 1953: 81; Bernard, 1967: 240 (redescription); Bolton, 1976: 309 (redescription); Kutter, 1977c: 167; Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990: 210; Bolton, 1995b: 403; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 494; Borowiec, L. 2014: 170; Kiran, et al. 2017: 146.
    Replacement name: Tetramorium inquilinum Ward, et al. 2015: 76.
    inquilinum. Tetramorium inquilinum Ward, Brady, Fisher & Schultz, 2014: 16.
    Replacement name for schneideri Kutter, 1950a: 82. [Junior secondary homonym of Tetramorium schneideri Emery, 1898c: 145.]”

  • An introduction to Teleutomyrmex.....

    From AntWiki, on 14/03/2020, from 15:35 till 16:20:


    “Teleutomyrmex.
    This genus is not in use as it is currently considered to be a junior synonym of Tetramorium.
    Nomenclature.
    The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's New General Catalogue, a catalogue of the world's ants.
    TELEUTOMYRMEX [junior synonym of Tetramorium].
    Teleutomyrmex Kutter, 1950: 82. Type-species: Teleutomyrmex schneideri, by original designation.
    Teleutomyrmex junior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2014: 15.”


    “Teleutomyrmex schneideri.
    This taxon is a junior homonym and has been replaced by Tetramorium inquilinum.
    Nomenclature.
    The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's New General Catalogue, a catalogue of the world's ants.
    schneideri. Teleutomyrmex schneideri Kutter, 1950a: 82, figs. 1-23 (q.m.) SWITZERLAND.
    [Junior secondary homonym of Tetramorium schneideri Emery, 1898c: 145.]
    Combination in Tetramorium: Ward, et al. 2015: 76.
    Status as species: Stumper, 1951: 129; Brun, 1952: 73; Gösswald, 1953: 81; Bernard, 1967: 240 (redescription); Bolton, 1976: 309 (redescription); Kutter, 1977c: 167; Dlussky, Soyunov & Zabelin, 1990: 210; Bolton, 1995b: 403; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009: 494; Borowiec, L. 2014: 170; Kiran, et al. 2017: 146.
    Replacement name: Tetramorium inquilinum Ward, et al. 2015: 76.”

  • An introduction to Teleutomyrmex.....

    Teleutomyrmex.


    From AmeisenWiki, on 14/03/2020, from 12:30 till 12:35:


    “Teleutomyrmex.
    Teleutomyrmex ist eine Gattung aus der Unterfamilie Myrmicinae. Sie umfasst nur zwei Arten, T. schneideri (Westalpen, Pyrenäen, Kasachstan) und T. kutteri (Südspanien, Sierra Nevada, bisher nur ein Volk gefunden).
    Es handelt sich um arbeiterinnenlose Sozialparasiten in Nestern von Tetramorium cf. impurum. Die Tiere sind extrem selten. Auch von T. schneideri wurden seit der Entdeckung (1949 im Schweizer Wallis) bis 2006 nicht mehr als 15 Völker gefunden.
    Die stark physogastrischen Königinnen hocken fast permanent auf dem Rücken der Wirtskönigin angeklammert. Ihre zahlreiche Nachkommenschaft kopuliert im Mutternest (vgl. Anergates atratulus). Wie die Ausbreitung erfolgt, ist unbekannt.
    Verwandtschaftlich leitet sich Teleutomyrmex aus der Gattung Tetramorium ab.
    Ergänzung 30. Aug. 2007: Die arbeiterinlose sozialparasitische Ameise Teleutomyrmex schneideri wurde nun erstmals in Spanien nachgewiesen. Zwei Gynen fanden sich in Bodenfallen im Norden der Provinz Léon auf 1.660 m Meereshöhe. Das sind ungefähr 700 km westlich des nächstgelegenen Fundortes in den französischen Pyrenäen. Der Fund unterstreicht, wie außerordentlich verstreut und isoliert die Vorkommen dieser Art sind (Espadaler & Cuesta 2006).”


    From AntWeb, on 14/03/2020, from 12:35 till 12:55:


    “Genus: Teleutomyrmex Kutter, 1950.
    Current Valid Name:
    Tetramorium.
    Teleutomyrmex Kutter, 1950a: 82. Type-species: Teleutomyrmex schneideri, by original designation.
    Taxonomic history:
    Teleutomyrmex in Myrmicinae, Tetramoriini: Kutter, 1950a: 81 [subtribe Teleutomyrmini].
    Teleutomyrmex as junior synonym of Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2015 10.1111/syen.12090: 16.
    Genus Teleutomyrmex references:
    Bernard, 1967a: 239 (diagnosis); Bolton, 1976: 309 (diagnosis, review of genus); Bolton, 1994: 106 (synoptic classification); Bolton, 1995a: 1053 (census); Bolton, 1995b: 403 (catalogue); Sanetra & Buschinger, 2000: 95 (phylogeny).
    Distribution:
    Geographic regions: Not found on any curated Geolocale/Taxon lists.”


    “Species: Tetramorium inquilinum Ward et al., 2015.
    Tetramorium inquilinum Ward et al., 2015 10.1111/syen.12090: 16.
    Taxonomic history:
    Replacement name for Tetramorium schneideri: (Kutter). [Junior secondary homonym of Tetramorium schneideri: Ward et al., 2015 10.1111/syen.12090: 16.
    Distribution:
    Geographic regions (According to curated Geolocale/Taxon lists):
    Europe: France, Switzerland, Ukraine.
    Biogeographic regions (According to curated Bioregion/Taxon lists):
    Palearctic.
    Specimen Habitat Summary:
    Elevations: collected at 2050 m.”


    “Species: Tetramorium kutteri (Tinaut, 1990).
    Teleutomyrmex kutteri Tinaut, 1990b: 202, figs. 1-3 (q.m.) SPAIN. Palearctic. HOL.
    Taxonomic history:
    Combination in Tetramorium: Ward et al., 2015 10.1111/syen.12090: 16.
    Distribution:
    Geographic regions (According to curated Geolocale/Taxon lists):
    Europe: Spain.
    Biogeographic regions (According to curated Bioregion/Taxon lists):
    Palearctic.
    Specimen Habitat Summary:
    Found most commonly in these microhabitats: 1 times Juniperus-Genista brushwood.
    Collected most commonly using these methods: 1 times Hand.
    Elevations: collected from 1660 - 2250 meters, 1955 meters average.”


    “Species: Tetramorium seiferti (Kiran & Karaman, 2017).
    Teleutomyrmex seiferti Kiran & Karaman, 2017: 148, figs. 3a, 4a, 5a, 6-8 (q.m.) TURKEY. Palearctic. Primary type information: Holotype (gyne) from Turkey, Artvin, Yusufeli, 3 km NW of Kınalıçam Village, N 40° 45' 36", E 41° 34' 46", 1801 m above sea level (a.s.l.), 25.VI.2013, 13 / 1592c, leg. K. Kiran, C. Karaman & V. Aksoy (in Collection of Biological Department, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey). Paratypes: 16 gynes, 7 males from same nest as the holotype (14 gynes, 5 males in Collection of Biological Department, Trakya University, Edirne; 1 gyne, 1 male in Sofia University, Bulgaria; 1 gyne, 1 male in Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Germany.
    Taxonomic history:
    [Note: Kiran et al., 2017 PDF: 146, retain the paraphyletic genus Teleutomyrmex.].
    Distribution:
    Geographic regions (According to curated Geolocale/Taxon lists):
    Asia: Turkey.
    Biogeographic regions (According to curated Bioregion/Taxon lists):
    Palearctic.
    Specimen Habitat Summary:
    Elevations: collected at 1801 m.”


    “Species: Tetramorium buschingeri (Lapeva-Gjonova, 2017).
    Teleutomyrmex buschingeri Lapeva-Gjonova, 2017: 151, figs. 3b, 4b, 5b (q.) BULGARIA. Palearctic. Primary type information: Holotype (dealated gyne) from Bulgaria, Eastern Rhodopes Mt., Chernichino Village, N 41° 35' 29.71", E 25° 50' 55.03", 640 m a.s.l., 25.IV.2012, leg. A. Lapeva-Gjonova; deposited in the museum collection of Sofia University, Bulgaria (BFUS). Paratypes (1 dealated gyne) from the same nest as the holotype, deposited in the National Museum of Natural History in Sofia (NMNHS), Bulgaria.
    Taxonomic history:
    [Note: Kiran et al., 2017 PDF: 146, retain the paraphyletic genus Teleutomyrmex.].
    Distribution:
    Geographic regions (According to curated Geolocale/Taxon lists):
    Europe: Bulgaria.
    Biogeographic regions (According to curated Bioregion/Taxon lists):
    Palearctic.”

  • Lasius fuliginosus

    And on AmeisenWiki:
    “Lasius fuliginosus, im Deutschen Glänzendschwarze Holzameise oder Kartonameise genannt, ist ein örtlich gehäuft vorkommender Vertreter der Schuppenameisen in Mitteleuropa. Die Art gehört zur Untergattung Dendrolasius, was auf ihre Affinität zu Holz hinweist (griech. dendron: Baum).”
    And “Verbreitung und Lebensraum.
    Lasius fuliginosus ist in großen Teilen Europas und Asiens meist in Holz (z. B. morschen Baumstämmen) zu finden, reine Bodennester hingegen sind seltener. Diesem Vorzug entsprechend ist die Art meistens in Laub- und Nadelwäldern und Parks, aber auch in der Nähe größerer einzelner Bäume anzutreffen.
    Koloniegründung.
    Eine im Juni oder Juli schwärmende Lasius fuliginosus-Jungkönigin ist bei der sozialparasitischen Gründung auf ein bereits vorhandenes Nest der Gelben Schattenameise (Lasius umbratus) angewiesen. Da Lasius umbratus bereits eine sozialparasitäre Gründung aufweist, nennt man diese Art des Parasitismus Hyperparasitismus. Weitere mögliche Wirtsarten sind Lasius sabularum, jensi x umbratus und bicornis.
    Das Wirtsvolk muss bereits weisellos sein, darf also keine Königin mehr enthalten. Soweit bekannt finden sich in der Regel mehrere Jungköniginnen zusammen, um in das Nest der Wirtsameise einzudringen, sodass L. fuliginosus-Völker oft polygyn oder oligogyn sind. Nach einer erfolgreichen Übernahme beginnen die Gynen mit der Eiablage; die Nachkommen werden von den Lasius umbratus-Arbeiterinnen versorgt. Im Laufe der Zeit sterben die Wirts-Arbeiterinnen ab und das Nest wird nur noch von L. fuliginosus bewohnt.
    Kolonie und Nestanlage.
    Mit bis zu 2 Millionen Arbeiterinnen kann ein Nest sehr volkreich werden, zudem entwickeln sich mehrere Zweignester in denen jeweils auch eine oder mehrere Königinnen leben (Polygynie). Es werden jedoch anscheinend später keine Jungköniginnen aufgenommen, so dass ein Volk nach dem Tod der letzten Königin abstirbt.
    Nester werden bevorzugt in morschem Holz angelegt, wobei dieses großzügig bearbeitet wird. Die Kartonnester der glänzendschwarzen Holzameise befinden sich nicht nur in und unter hohlen Baumstämmen, sondern auch in von Menschen geschaffenen Zaunpfählen, Schuppen oder Dachbalken. So kann L. fuliginosus zur Schadameise werden, obwohl Schäden bei modernen Gebäuden kaum auftreten.
    Die Kartonnester bestehen aus verschiedenen Feststoffen wie z. B. zerkautem Holz und zu fast 50% aus Zucker. Das kartonartige Gebilde ist die Grundlage für einen mit L. fuliginosus vergesellschafteten Pilz. Dieser Pilz, Cladosporium myrmecophilum (ein deutscher Name existiert nicht), überwuchert und durchdringt mit feinen Fäden die dünnen Wände und verstärkt diese so um ein Vielfaches. Die Arbeiterkaste hat zusätzlich die Aufgabe, Teile des Pilzes an neu gebauten Nestteilen anzusiedeln damit sich dieser auch dort verbreiten kann. Auch wird der Pilz von den Ameisen daran gehindert unkontrolliert das komplette Nest zu überwuchern. Der alleinige Zweck dieser Pilzzucht ist die Stabilisation der Nestwände durch die netzartige Geflechtstruktur. L. fuliginosus ernährt sich nicht von diesem Pilz wie früher irrtümlich angenommen.
    Aufgaben der Arbeiterinnen.
    Alte Arbeiterinnen sammeln außerhalb des Nestes Feststoffe und transportieren diese ins Nest, ebenso wird Honigtau von Rindenläusen gesammelt. Hierbei ist besonders die Art Stomaphis quercus zu nennen, die oft in den Vertiefungen der stark zerklüfteten Eichenborke von vielen Lasius fuliginosus-Arbeiterinnen umsorgt wird. Der ins Nest eingetragene Honigtau wird weiteren Arbeiterinnen übergeben, welche die Hauptaufgabe der Brutpflege übernehmen.
    Besonderheiten.
    In der Nähe der Nester ist ein für den menschlichen Geruchssinn süßlicher Duft wahrnehmbar. In ihren Mandibeldrüsen produzieren die Ameisen Dendrolasin und Undekan. Diese Sekrete werden bei Störung oder Bedrohung des Nestes abgegeben. Was für den Menschen nur ein süßlicher Duft ist, ist für das Ameisenvolk eine effiziente Methode das komplette Nest in Alarmbereitschaft zu versetzen. Zudem hat dieser Geruch eine sehr starke abschreckende Wirkung auf andere Formica- und Lasius-Arten und wirkt bei diesen sogar toxisch.
    Wehrsekret Dendrolasin: Waldameisen flüchten vor Lasius fuliginosus.
    Das Wehrsekret der Glänzendschwarzen Holzameise ist äußerst wirksam gegenüber anderen Ameisen. Nach Eingabe von 1-2 Handvoll Lasius fuliginosus in die Kuppel eines Nestes von Formica polyctena verlassen ein Teil der Arbeiterinnen und Königinnen sofort das Nest, Arbeiterinnen tragen auch Larven und Puppen auf die Oberfläche. Der Exodus der Waldameisen hat sogar eine deutliche Temperatursenkung im Wärmezentrum der Nester zur Folge. Dies wurde im wissenschaftlichen Experiment festgestellt.”


    So, here is all the important information about this special ant…

  • Lasius fuliginosus

    On AntWiki:
    “This species exhibits temporary social parasitism. Queens found new colonies by infiltrating an established nest of a different ant species, killing the queen and having the host workers care for her initial brood. Hosts include Lasius alienus, Lasius brunneus, Lasius mixtus, Lasius niger, Lasius rabaudi and Lasius umbratus. Lasius fuliginosus form large carton nests commonly in cavities at the base of old trees (oak, birch, willow, pine).”
    And “Distribution.
    Portugal to Japan and North India, South Italy to Finland (Collingwood 1979).
    Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists.
    Palaearctic Region: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (type locality), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.”
    And more “Biology.
    This distinctive species is easily recognised by its shining black colour and broad head. Carton nests are constructed at the base of old trees, hedgerows and sometimes in sand dunes and in old walls. Colonies are populous, often polycalic with more than one focal nest and several queens. Workers forage above ground in narrow files throughout the day and night during warm weather, ascending trees and shrubs to tend aphids. The mandibles are relatively weak but small insects may be taken as food. Other competing ant species are repelled by aromatic anal secretions. Fertilised queens may be retained in the old nest or found fresh colonies through adoption by the members of the umbratus species group; mixed colonies with Lasius umbratus or Lasius mixtus have often been observed. Flight periods are irregular and have been recorded in all months from May to October. A number of local beetles occur with this species including members of the genus Zyras which exhibit protective mimicry. Waldén (1964), records an enormous nest measuring 63 x 55 x 55 cm found in a cellar near Göteborg and there are similar reports from outbuildings and cellars in England (Donisthorpe, 1927).
    Wilson (1955) - Many European observers have reported independently on various aspects of the ecology of this ant, and together they present a reassuringly consistent picture. Lasius fuliginosus nests primarily in standing tree trunks and rotting stumps, and only occasionally in and around the roots of trees, under stones, and in open soil. In a random field survey in Germany, Gosswald (1932) recorded 63 nests in wood, 2 under stones, and 5 in open soil. He found the species nesting most commonly in old poplars and willows in dry meadows. It is often locally abundant; O'Rourke (1950) notes that in Ireland it may become the dominant ant in oak woods.
    L. fuliginosus almost invariably constructs a carton nest. The composition of the carton has been analyzed by Stumper (1950), who finds that it consists primarily of macerated wood hardened with secretions from the mandibular glands. There may be some soil particles mixed in, especially in subterranean nests, but these constitute a very minor fraction. Stumper was unable to find supporting evidence for the old contention that several species of symbiotic fungi are normally grown in the carton walls.
    L. fuliginosus forages during both the day and night, forming long, conspicuous columns which usually lead to trees infested with aphids or eoceids , the excreta of these latter insects forms a principal food source for the ant. In addition, many authors have observed workers carrying dead or crippled insects back to the nests.
    Eidmann (1943) has studied overwintering in this species. A colony which he kept under observation through the autumn moved from a position in a tree bole to subterranean quarters directly beneath the tree. The winter carton nest had chambers twice the size of those in the summer nest, and its walls were conspicuously studded with grains of sand. Medium-sized and full grown larvae were found hibernating with the adults.
    Winged reproductives have been taken in the nests from May to September. The nuptial flights apparently take place earlier than in other members of the genus; literature records span the period May 4 to July 27. The flights occur mostly in the afternoon, although some authors, such as Escherich and Ludwig (1906), have suggested that they occur at night also. According to Donisthorpe (1927), the mating behavior shows early signs of parasitic degeneration. There is a marked decrease in the size difference between the two sexes, and the nuptial flight appears to have been partly suppressed. In one case Donisthorpe observed nestmates copulating on vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the parent nest.
    Donisthorpe (1922) has also reviewed the extensive literature on colony founding in this species. It has been proven without any doubt to be a temporary social parasite on Lasius umbratus (= Lasius mixtus), which species was defined in the old sense and may well include Lasius rabaudi also. Numerous mixed colonies have been found in nature, and successful adoptions of dealate queens by host colonies have been repeatedly obtained under artificial conditions. This habit places fuliginosus in the extraordinary position of being a social hyperparasite, since Lasius umbratus is parasitic itself on members of the subgenus Lasius. In more recent years, Stareke (1944) has obtained the experimental adoption of fuliginosus queens by colonies of rabaudi (= Lasius meridionalis), Lasius niger, and Lasius alienus.
    Foraging/Diet.
    See the general biology discussion above for an overview of diet and foraging. Novgorodova (2015b) investigated ant-aphid interactions of a dozen honeydew collecting ants in south-central Russia. All of the ants studied had workers that showed high fidelity to attending particular aphid colonies, i.e, individual foragers that collect honeydew tend to return to the same location, and group of aphids, every time they leave the nest. Lasius fuliginosus showed no specialization beyond this foraging site fidelity. Foragers tended Chaitophorus populeti (Panzer), Cinara laricis (Hartig) and Stomaphis quercus (Linnaeus).
    Known Hosts.
    Lasius fuliginosus is known to use the following species as temporary hosts:
    Lasius alienus
    Lasius brunneus
    Lasius mixtus
    Lasius niger
    Lasius rabaudi
    Lasius umbratus”

  • Lasius fuliginosus

    Hallo. I want to talk about an ant. The ant is Lasius fuliginosus (Latreille, 1798), original described as Formica fuliginosa Latreille, 1798, moved to Lasius by Mayr, 1861, to Donisthorpea by Donisthorpe, 1915, to Formicina by Emery, 1916, to Acanthomyops by Forel, 1916, and to Lasius (Dendrolasius) by Ruzsky, 1912. So this ant is already known for 222 years. And this is the most important information you can find online (got this on 27/02/2020 between 10:30 and 11:30!):


    On AntWeb:
    “Distribution:
    Geographic regions (According to curated Geolocale/Taxon lists):
    Asia: Japan.
    Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.
    Biogeographic regions (According to curated Bioregion/Taxon lists):
    Palearctic.
    Native to (according to species list records):
    Palearctic bioregion.”
    And “Distribution. Throughout Denmark and Southern Fennoscandia to latitude 62°; South Ireland, England and Wales. - Range: Portugal to Japan and North India, South Italy to Finland.
    Biology. This distinctive species is easily recognised by its shining black colour and broad head. Carton nests are constructed at the base of old trees, hedgerows and sometimes in sand dunes and in old walls. Colonies are populous, often polycalic with more than one focal nest and several queens. Workers forage above ground in narrow files throughout the day and night during warm weather, ascending trees and shrubs to tend aphids. The mandibles are relatively weak but small insects may be taken as food. Other competing ant species are repelled by aromatic anal secretions. Fertilised queens may be retained in the old nest or found fresh colonies through adoption by the members of the Lasius umbratusHNS species group; mixed colonies with L. umbratusHNS or L. mixtusHNS have often been observed. Flight periods are irregular and have been recorded in all months from May to October. A number of local beetles occur with this species including members of the genus Zyras which exhibit protective mimicry. Walden (1964), records an enormous nest measuring 63 x 55 x 55 cm found in a cellar near Goteborg and there are similar reports from outbuildings and cellars in England (Donisthorpe, 1927).
    Specimen Habitat Summary.
    Found most commonly in these habitats: 396 times found in Unknown, 128 times found in heathlands, 128 times found in Forest, 71 times found in Anthropogenic, 45 times found in dry grassland, 35 times found in shrubs, 33 times found in Wet grassland, 31 times found in Rocks (rocky-calcareous grasslands), 21 times found in dunes & inland dunes, 2 times found in mixed woodland, ...
    Found most commonly in these microhabitats: 5 times on trunk, 5 times on the ground, 2 times Nest under stone, 1 times nest in soil, 2 times foraging on ground, 1 times strays, 1 times Sobre Sambucus nigra, 1 times Sobre Alnus glutinosa, 1 times on path between trees, 1 times on car, 1 times Nido en base arbol cerca río, ...
    Collected most commonly using these methods: 380 times Pitfall trap, 251 times Manual catch, 24 times search, 10 times Malaise trap, 9 times Hand, 8 times sifting of soil samples, 5 times Window trap, 5 times beating, 5 times Color trap, 3 times Yellow color trap, 3 times Pyramid trap, ...
    Elevations: collected from 35 - 1750 meters, 659 meters average.”